Banging pots in protest in Caracas as Leopoldo López, an opposition politician, passed by in a car after surrendering. Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
CARACAS,
Venezuela — The only television station that regularly broadcast voices
critical of the government was sold last year, and the new owners have
softened its news coverage. Last week, President Nicolás Maduro banned a
foreign cable news channel after it showed images of a young protester
shot to death here.
Disturbing Video.. (WARNING)
Venezuela guards kill young man
Opposition
legislators have been barred from debates and stripped of committee
posts in the National Assembly. And when an opposition leader called for
a protest this week, Mr. Maduro scheduled his own march to start at the
same spot and dispatched the National Guard to try to block protesters
from rallying elsewhere.
Venezuela
is being convulsed by the biggest protests since the country’s longtime
president, the charismatic Hugo Chávez, died nearly a year ago.
And while the demonstrators condemn a wide range of perennial problems,
including rampant crime, high inflation and shortages of basic goods
like sugar and toilet paper, the intensity of the protests has been
fueled by something more subtle and perhaps stronger — a sense that the
spaces to voice disagreement with the government are shrinking and
disappearing.
Backers of Mr. López were hit by a police water cannon. Carlos Garcia Rawlins/Reuters
“You
have a government that increasingly, since the time of Chávez but even
more with Maduro, has practically closed the channels of communication,”
said Margarita López Maya, a historian who studies protest movements.
“If you have a society that has no institutional channels to raise its
complaints, make demands, form policy, the tradition in Venezuela and in
Latin America and I think throughout the world is to take to the
streets.”
Of the opposition she said, “They feel choked, penned in.”
Since last week, four people have been shot to death in protests, dozens have been wounded and scores have been arrested. A local newspaper
said some of the shots fired in one killing appeared to have come from a
group that included uniformed security officers and men accompanying
them in civilian clothes.
In
the most recent death, a beauty queen, Génesis Carmona, 22, a student
who was crowned Miss Tourism 2013 for the state of Carabobo, died
Wednesday, a day after being shot in the head during a march in
Valencia, the country’s third-largest city. Protesters said attackers on
motorcycles had fired on the march.
But
the government has been quick to blame protesters for the worst
violence, and on Thursday the interior minister, Miguel Rodríguez
Torres, said that one of her fellow demonstrators fired the shot that
killed Ms. Carmona. “This girl died from a bullet that came from her own
ranks,” he said.
Many
protesters are calling for Mr. Maduro to resign, but beyond that, the
rallies seem to be general expressions of outrage, often with few
specific demands. Even some opposition activists admit to being
bewildered about how to direct the anger into concrete political
objectives.
So
far, Mr. Maduro’s response has been to crack down, but that has only
fanned the flames. This week, he expelled three American diplomats,
accusing them of recruiting students to take part in violent
demonstrations. Then he arrested an opposition politician, Leopoldo
López, saying that he had trained gangs of youths to sow violence in the
country as part of a coup to overthrow the government.
Génesis Carmona was taken away after being shot on Tuesday. She died the next day. Mauricio Centeno/Diario Notitarde, via Associated Press
Thousands of people turned out in Caracas on Tuesday to accompany Mr. López as he surrendered to the authorities.
And on Wednesday night, as demonstrators in several cities clashed with
the riot police, Mr. Maduro threatened to declare a form of martial law
known as a “state of exception” in the western state of Táchira, on the
border with Colombia, a traditional opposition stronghold where
protests have been particularly intense.
“If I have to declare a state of exception in Táchira, I’m ready to
declare it and send in the tanks, the troops, planes, all of the
military force of the country,” the president said. He also threatened
to jail other opposition politicians and protest leaders.
Parts of the capital, Caracas, and some other cities have become
battlegrounds. National guard soldiers on motorcycles patrol Caracas at
night, using tear gas and rubber bullets to drive off protesters who
block streets with barricades of burning trash.
On
one night, a group of soldiers fired rubber bullets at apartment
buildings where people were banging pots to protest the crackdown.
During a melee after a rally in downtown Caracas on Feb. 12, the police,
enraged that some of their vehicles were set on fire, beat and kicked
protesters, news photographers and cameramen.
Mr. Maduro belittles the protesters and has largely ignored their
complaints, trying to focus attention on smaller groups involved in
violent clashes. “These aren’t students. They’re fascist vandals,” he
said on Thursday.
The United States has voiced concern.
“In
Venezuela, rather than trying to distract from its own failings by
making up false accusations against diplomats from the United States,
the government ought to focus on addressing the legitimate grievances of
the Venezuelan people,” President Obama said on Wednesday during a
meeting in Mexico. He called for Mr. Maduro’s government to release
jailed protesters and engage in dialogue.
A demonstrator blocking the highway outside La Carlota airport. Rodrigo Abd/Associated Press
The
current round of protests began this month when students in Táchira and
other cities demonstrated against violent crime. Several students were
arrested and a march was called in Caracas to demand their release.
After that march ended peacefully, a few hundred youths rioted, throwing
rocks at the police and breaking windows in a government building. A
protester and a government supporter were shot to death, and another
protester was gunned down that night.
Venezuela
became a bitterly divided country during the 14 years of Mr. Chávez’s
presidency, which ended with his death in March. He fostered a cult of
personality and dominated all aspects of political life, pushing the
country, which has the world’s largest oil reserves, toward his vision
of socialist revolution.
Mr.
Chávez reviled and insulted the opposition, but since his death, there
is a sense that there is even less room for criticism — despite Mr.
Maduro’s promises that he is open to dialogue.
In
a psychological blow to many in the opposition, a stridently
antigovernment television station, Globovision, was sold last year to
investors believed to be close to the government. Since then, the
station has toned down its programming and ceased to be a counterweight
to the relentlessly pro-government tone of several government-run
television stations.
Last week Mr. Maduro ordered a Colombian news channel, NTN24, removed from cable because of its coverage of the demonstrations.
Now,
there has been little live news coverage of the wave of protests, while
government television has relentlessly vilified the demonstrators.
“There
are very few outlets where the opposition can make itself heard,” said
Cedomir Mimia, 27, a lawyer at a recent protest, who said his top
concern was “the information blackout.”
Many
protesters say they are simply fed up with the country’s bitter divide.
“I’m here because I’m tired of the crime, of the shortages, tired of
having to stand on line to buy anything,” said María Luchón, 21, at a
recent rally. “I’m tired of the politicians of both sides.”